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                <text>Improving the safety of smoked fish through kiln design the case of FAO-Thiaroye technique in Ghana</text>
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                <text>Smoked fish is a major source of animal protein for Ghanaians. However, traditional methods for processing the commodity potentially expose consumers to food safety risks. The methods typically rely on burning wood as fuel to cook and flavour fish. This practice is known to result in high amounts of carcinogens known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the smoked fish, with the consequence that the products could endanger public health and have reduced market access. An innovative processing system, called the F AO-Thiaroye Processing Technique (FTT), was launched in 2014 in Ghana to address concerns linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It was envisaged that the design characteristics ofFTT and its reliance on alternative fuel use would reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in smoked fish. This study therefore investigated the efficacy of the innovation through comparative fish smoking tests between FTT and the traditional kilns. Data obtained show that products from traditional kilns had polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels up to 33 times the globally referenced European Union maximum limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons regulation, whereas products from FTT had lower values than European Union maximum limits. The results demonstrate the efficacy of FTT to reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish and thus improve the safety and market access of the products</text>
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                <text>[...] a risk assessment showed that should the FTT be used instead of traditional kilns to smoke fish in Ghana, consumers will be protected from PAH public health risks related to smoked fish consumption.[...] in 2017, the International Association of Fish Inspectors (IAFI) requested governments (especially those in developing countries) to prioritize the reduction of PAHs health risks associated with the consumption of smoked fish produced on the continent. 1 The statement noted that while the average exposure of consumers in the EU to PAHs2 averaged 3-4 ng/kg body weight/day from all sources, the estimated average from smoked fish only in West Africa was close to ten times the EU exposure. MOE is a dimensionless number representing the ratio between the lower limit of the benchmark dose level (BMDL10) for a given PAH to the dietary exposure of consumers to the same hazard (EFSA, 2008).[...] ProQuest …</text>
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                <text>Kennedy Bomfeh, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Wisdom Kofi Amoa‐Awua, Isabella Tandoh, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Esther Garrido Gamarro, Yvette Diei Ouadi, Bruno De Meulenaer</text>
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                <text>Smoked fish is a major source of animal protein in developing countries. It is largely produced by hot‐smoking on traditional kilns using fuelwood. This practice is associated with high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in products, with consequences for public health. An improved kiln, comprising the FAO‐Thiaroye Technique (FTT), has been introduced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to address such a concern. The present study investigated the efficacy of the FTT in Ghana through comparative fish smoking experiments with traditional kilns followed by determination of PAH levels [benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and PAH4] in the products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. For each kiln, the effect of smoking fuel type on PAH contamination was determined. The impact of the design characteristics of the FTT on the levels of the compounds was …</text>
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