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Tempering, polymorphism and fat crystallization during industrial chocolate manufacture: regimes, behaviours and their effects on finished chocolate quality</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, A Paterson</text>
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                <text>Tempering, a technique of shearing chocolate mass at controlled temperatures is used to promote cocoa butter crystallization in a thermodynamically stable polymorphic form. During chocolate manufacture, the process is used to obtain the stable form V (or β2) of cocoa butter having a melting temperature of 32-34 °C, which gives the desired glossy appearance, good snap, contraction and enhanced shelf life characteristics. However, the tempering sequences, their behaviour during pre-crystallization, the consequential regimes attained and their effects on product quality characteristics are not very well understood. Variations in temper regimes attained during pre-crystallization of chocolates influence their crystallinity, polymorphic status and other physical quality characteristics. Over-tempering causes increases in product hardness, stickiness with reduced gloss and darkening of product surfaces. Under …</text>
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                <text>Variability in Biochemical Composition and Cell Wall Constituents among Seven Varieties in Ghanaian Yam (Dioscorea sp) Germpalsme</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, D Polycarp, AS Budu, H Mensah-Brown, E Otoo</text>
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                <text>This work characterized the most cultivated and consumed yam (Dioscorea) cultivars within the Ghanaian yam germplasm based on their biochemical and cell wall constituents to assess their potential alternative food and industrial processing applications. Samples were analyzed for their biochemical composition-starch, amylose, amylopectin, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars along the head, middle and tail regions of each tuber using standard analytical methods. Cell wall constituents-acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose of each tuber were also determined using standard analytical methods. The results showed no significant differences at p&lt; 0.05 in biochemical compositions along the length of the studied cultivars. D. cayenensis (Pure-yellow), D. rotundata (Pona) and D. alata (Matches) were found to have high starch contents (63.16-65.69%, 63.54-65.30% and 63.24-65.17% respectively). Amylose content was observed to vary along the length of the tubers for the varieties studied. D. alata (Matches) was observed to contain the highest amylose content of 19.66-20.64%. No identifiable trend was however, observed for the amylopectin content along the length between the varieties investigated. D. bulbifera recorded the lowest amylopectin content of 41.29%, 43.59% and 44.63% while D. esculenta had the highest with 49.84%, 50.24% and 50.13% along the tail, middle and head sections respectively. Total sugar content varied significantly (p&lt; 0.05) along the lengths of all the varieties investigated. It was higher at the tail portions for all the varieties studied than the …</text>
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                <text>Tempering and fat crystallization effects on chocolate quality</text>
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                <text>Physico-functional and starch pasting properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Cruntz) flours as influenced by processing technique and varietal variations</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, GO Sampson, D Nyirenda, CN Mwansa, L Brimer, L Chiwona-Karltun</text>
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                <text>This study investigated effects of processing technique and varietal variations on the physicofunctional, starch pasting and viscoelastic properties of cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) flours using a 3x6 factorial experimental approach. Samples were evaluated for their non-volatile acidity, pH, swelling power, solubility water absorption capacity (27oC and 70oC), colour and starch pasting characteristics of the cassava flours using standard methods. Grating and soaking of the cassava tubers significantly (p&lt; 0.05) reduced the pH of all the varieties with concomitant increases in non-volatile acidity. Grating and soaking significantly (p&lt; 0.05) reduced the swelling power, solubility and water absorption capacity of the flours. Soaked Chila B flour recorded the highest pasting temperature of 66.9 C whiles soaked Mweulu flour recorded the highest peak viscosity (684 BU), viscosity at 95oC (683 BU) and viscosity at 95oC-hold (359 BU), suggesting that the flours from the different cassava varieties could be targeted for different food and industrial products.</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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Risk assessment of vacuum-packed pouched tuna chunks during industrial processing using ISO 22000 and HACCP systems</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, H Mensah-Brown, AS Budu, E Mensah</text>
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                <text>Risk analysis was conducted during processing of Vacuum-Packed Pouched Tuna Chunks using HACCP systems. The hazards likely to occur and their levels of severity and chances of occurrences were identified. Critical control points, critical limits, control and preventive measures, corrective actions for non-conformances and verification procedures were evaluated and documented. ISO 22000 Analysis Worksheet was also employed for determination of some prerequisite programmes (PrPs) and compared with the HACCP decision tree table for determination of Critical Control Points (CCPs). The PrPs were the main difference between the two systems. The major hazards identified were the probable contamination with spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms-Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus: foreign materials-metal residues and sand; chemical …</text>
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                <text>Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Food Science &amp; Technology</text>
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                <text>Application of ISO 22000 in comparison with HACCP on industrial processing of milk chocolate.</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, H Mensah-Brown, GK Crentsil, K Frimpong, F Asante</text>
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                <text>Hazard analysis was conducted to identify critical control points (CCPs) during cocoa processing and milk chocolate manufacture and applied into a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) plan. During the process, the different biological, physical and chemical hazards identified at each processing stage in the hazard analysis worksheet were incorporated into the HACCP plan to assess the risks associated with the processes. Physical hazards such as metals, stones, fibres, plastics and papers; chemical hazards such as pesticide residues, mycotoxins and heavy metals; and microbiological hazards such as Staphyloccous aureus, coliforms, Salmonella, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. ISO 22000 analysis was conducted for the determination of some pre-requisite programmes (PrPs) during the chocolate processing and compared with the HACCP system. The ISO 22000 Analysis worksheet …</text>
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                <text>Changes in total polyphenols, o-diphenols and anthocyanin concentrations during fermentation of pulp pre-conditioned cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, J Quao, FS Takrama, AS Budu, FK Saalia</text>
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                <text>Investigations were conducted to elucidate changes in total polyphenols, o-diphenols and anthocyanin concentrations during fermentation of pulp preconditioned Ghanaian cocoa beans. A 4x4 factorial experiment was conducted with the principal factors as pod storage and fermentation time, and samples were analyzed using standard analytical methods. Results showed that total polyphenol, o-diphenols and anthocyanin content of beans from the unstored pods were 180.87 mg/g, 24.17 mg/g, and 15.68 mg/kg respectively. Reductions in the concentrations of total polyphenols, o-diphenol and anthocyanin composition of the cocoa beans occurred with increasing pod storage and fermentation time. However, the rates of decreases were more dependent of fermentation time than on pod storage. Both total polyphenol and o-diphenol content reduced only slightly (&lt; 10%) in the beans fermented for 6 days after 7 days …</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Souring and starch behaviour during co-fermentation of cassava and soybean into gari ‘farina’</text>
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                <text>EO Afoakwa, JE Kongor, AS Budu, GA Annor</text>
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                <text>Investigations were conducted to dete rmine changes in souring/acidification and starch behaviour during co-fermentation of cassava and soybean into gari, ‘farina’ an African fermented product. A 3 x 4 factorial experiment was performed with fermentation time (0, 24 and 48 h) and soybean conce ntration (0, 10, 20 and 30%) as variables. Titratable acidity, pH and starch content were studied using standard analytical methods. Starch breakdown and pasting characteristics were also evaluated . The results revealed that pH decreased with concomitant increases in titratable acidity during co -fermentation of the cassava dough. Soy - fortification up to 30% caused significant (p&lt;0.05) effects on the pH, titratable acidity and starch content during the fermentation period with only minimal and insignificant (p&lt;0.05) effect noted at 20% soy level. Fermentation caused significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in the pH, titratable acidity and starch concentration. Starch content decreased from 69.8% to 60.4% within the 48 h fermentation time in the unfortified sample with similar trends noted at all levels of fortification. Starch pasting characteristics showed that the pasting temperature significantly increased with increasing fermentation time and soybean concentration. Contrary to this, viscosity at 95°C and at 50°C HOLD decreased with increasing fermentation time and soybean concentration. Peak viscosity decreased from 1150 BU to 820 BU and 750 BU after 48 hours of fermentation, with 0% and 30% soybean levels respectively. Cassava could be cofermented with soybean up to 20% concentration during gari processing, without significant effect on its process and …</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Response Surface Methodology for Studying Effects of Pre-Processing Treatments and Processing Time on the Microbial and Sensory Qualities of Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium …</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12587">
                <text>EO Afoakwa, PG Boakye, H Mensah-Brown, L Chiwona-Karltun</text>
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                <text>Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for K= 3 was used to study the combined effects of blanching time, sodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5) concentration and processing (retorting) time on the total microbial load, and sensory qualities (colour, aroma, texture, overall acceptability) of cocoyam leaves during canning. Regression models and response surface plots were developed from regression analysis to predict the effects of the variables on the studied indices. Significant (P&lt; 0.05) interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients (61.7%-94.7%). Increasing processing times led to decreases in microbial load and degree of liking for colour of the canned cocoyam leaves. Blanching was effective in reducing browning and increasing the degree of liking for colour of the canned leaves. Treatment of the leaves with sodium metabisulphite solution significantly reduced the microbial load and the degree of likeness of the different sensory attributes of the canned product. The combined action of sodium metabisulphite concentration, blanching time and processing time were effective in reducing the total microbial load as well as the degree of liking for colour of cocoyam leaves during canning of the canned product. These could serve as a means of enhancing the shelf stability as well as the overall acceptability of the product. The most acceptable product was the one blanched for 1 minute, with 0.5% anti-browning agent concentration, and retorted for 20 minutes.</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:Lpa4s8qvUTIC</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>The influence of fermentation and cowpea fortification on the quality characteristics of maize-based weaning foods</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12399">
                <text>EO Afoakwa, S Sefa-Dedeh, Y Kluvitse, EO Sakyi-Dawson</text>
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                <text>2003</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12401">
                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:TQgYirikUcIC</text>
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