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                <text>Autochthonous, conquest and overlordship rights in land: Constructing allodial rights in the Kpandai area in Northern Ghana in the pre-colonial times</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura</text>
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                <text>In 1991-92, a conflict over the allodial title to lands in the Kpandai area broke out between the Nawuri and the Gonja, prompting the necessity to interrogate the concept of allodial rights. In Northern Ghana in general, allodial rights in land are ethnicized-the right of absolute ownership of land resided in an ethnic group. Nonetheless, the modes of acquisition of allodial rights in land differ from place to place, though generally they are embedded in the historical traditions of societies. By and large, the modes of acquisition of allodial rights in land by an ethnic group are determined by variables such as autochthonous and conquest rights, lease and gift. This study interrogates the ownership of Kpandai in the pre-colonial period, using, as determinants, tools such as autochthony, conquest, and I overlordship. It argues that allodial rights in lands in the Kpandai in the pre-colonial period resided in the Nawuri by virtue of rights of autochthony and autonomy.</text>
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                <text>The Ethnic Factor in International Politics: Constructing the Role of the Nawuri in the Pan-Ewe Nationalist Movement</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Awaisu Imurana Braimah2 Felix YT Longi</text>
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                <text>This paper examines the German colonial project in Alfai in Northern Ghana as well as the roles the Nawuri played in the political activism of the 1940s and 1950s that sought to define the administrative status of the two Trust Territories of former German Togoland. Described as the “Togoland Question” or the “Ewe Problem”, the political activism has been labeled an Ewe affair, and examined largely within the framework of the pan-Ewe nationalists seeking to project an Ewe identity and establish an Ewe-dominated state. This study shifts focus to the roles that the Nawuri, a non-Ewe ethnic group, played in the pan-Ewe nationalist movement, and argues that the pan-Ewe nationalist movement was not entirely an Ewe affair; Nawuri association with and participation in its activities were conspicuous.</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>The Gods, Spirits and Magical Powers at War: Reflections on the Psychological Dimension of the Nawuri-Gonja Conflict, Northern Ghana</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Awaisu Inurana Braimah, Anasechor Orlapu</text>
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                <text>In 1991 and 1992, the Nawuri and the Gonja clashed over allodial rights in lands in the Nawuri area of the present-day Kpandai District in the Northern Region of Ghana. The conflict was cataclysmic, and throughout its conduct, there were psychological dimensions. In all the events before the conflict and throughout the phases of the conflict, metaphysical and superstitious resources were utilized and became the fulcrum in the conduct of the conflict. As the conflict occurred in the part of Ghana where superstition and belief in spiritual powers was an integral part of people’s psychology, the Nawuri and the Gonja naturally provided space for the gods, spirits, and magical powers in the conduct of the conflict. With an ingrained philosophy that empiricism is controlled by metaphysical forces, the Nawuri and the Gonja mixed superstition in every aspect of the conflict. This paper examined the extent to which superstitious beliefs played a catalytical psychological role in the Nawuri-Gonja conflict. It analyzed the space provided for spiritual forces–the gods, spirits, and magical powers–and the extent to which these psychological factors determined the course of the conflict. The paper argued that it is impossible to reconstruct a cogent narrative of the conflict–both in terms of its conduct and the scale–without recourse to the psychological factors.</text>
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                <text>Colonial conflicts in contemporary northern Ghana: A historical prognosis of the British colonial factor in the Nawuri-Gonja and Mamprusi-Kusasi conflicts</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Felix YT Longi</text>
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                <text>Northern Ghana has witnessed phenomenal increases in armed conflicts over the past three decades. Many of these conflicts are ‘colonial conflicts’ rooted in colonial policies, but some others have no reference to colonialism as they are occasioned by endogenous factors. The Kusasi-Mamprusi and Nawuri-Gonja conflicts are colonial conflicts whose historical roots are traceable to colonialism in Northern Ghana. This paper interrogates the British-sponsored political conferences held prior to the introduction of indirect rule in Northern Ghana, with special focus on the Mamprusi and Gonja conferences. The paper argues that the conferences sowed the seeds of the post-colonial MamprusiKusasi and Gonja-Nawuri conflicts.</text>
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                <text>Historical analysis of the formation and structural organization of political parties in Ghana: a diagnosis of the national democratic congress</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari, Mathew Lobnibe Arah</text>
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                <text>Political parties, particularly the National Democratic Congress (NDC) and the New Patriotic Party (NPP), have been vibrant in Ghana’s democratic space in the Fourth Republic. This paper examines the historicity of the development of the NDC. It establishes how the structural organization of the NDC pitches its appeal and attracts electoral support as a supplementary variable. Scholarship on the variables of the electoral fortunes of political parties in Ghana in the Fourth Republic has focused essentially on factors such as ethnicity, clientelism, ideological positions, retrospective voting, and rational voting. Little space has been given to the extent to which the structural organisation of a party plays an important role in electoral outcomes. This paper shifts the discourse from the traditional narrative that focused on the factors of the electoral fortunes of political parties in Ghana in the Fourth Republic to the study of the structural organization of political parties. Adapting the political development model to the study of the historicity of the structure of the NDC, this paper examined the historical formation and structural organization of the party. Employing an explanatory case study design, data for the analysis were drawn from textual studies and key informant interviews. The paper argued that the voting Ghanaian public and citizens in general seemed to be heavily tilted towards the attributes, values and principles the NDC represents as a ‘Third Political Force.’ The paper recommends that the philosophy of the NDC and its identity should be intricately grounded in real social democratic ideals, principles, policies and activities with definite levels of …</text>
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                <text>Фонд поддержки академических инициатив</text>
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                <text>Northern Ghana has gone through decades of inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic conflicts since the 1980s. The present-day Kpandai District was ravaged by an inter-ethnic conflict in 1991/1992, between the Nawuri/Nchumuru and the Gonja, over allodial rights. In both the physical confrontations and rebuilding processes, the youth and rituals played critical roles. However, there is hardly any systematic analysis of the role of the youth and rituals in the post-conflict rebuilding scheme in the Kpandai District. This paper analyzes the roles played by traditional rituals and the Nawuri youth (Nawuri Professionals’ Association, NPA) in post-conflict rebuilding schemes in Kpandai. Using the traditional historical method of reconstructing a narrative from primary and secondary sources, this paper examines the psychosocial dimension and underlines the place of local resources in post-conflict rebuilding in the Kpandai District in the Northern Region of Ghana. It uses the Nawuri Professionals’ Association (NPA)–a youth group of the Nawuri–as a case study. The paper argues that the youth and the use of rituals as psychosocial factors serve as effective variables for post-conflict rebuilding of Nawuri society in the Kpandai District.</text>
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