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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Relationship between chocolate microstructure, oil migration, and fat bloom in filled chocolates</text>
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                <text>Claudia Delbaere, Davy Van de Walle, Frédéric Depypere, Xavier Gellynck, Koen Dewettinck</text>
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                <text>Fat bloom is one of the main quality problems in the chocolate industry. A bloomed chocolate product is characterized by the loss of its initial gloss and the formation of a gray‐whitish haze, which makes the product unappealing from a consumer point of view. In the industry, most of the fat bloom related problems arise in filled chocolate products, like pralines and chocolate‐coated biscuits. In these products, oil migration is considered the main cause of fat bloom development. It leads to the dissolution of solid cocoa butter crystals in the chocolate shell which may recrystallize with the formation of undesired crystals. These give rise, upon growth, to visual fat bloom. When looking at the available literature, most of the studies elucidate the possible mechanisms of oil migration and the subsequent fat bloom formation using model systems. These model systems are sometimes too distant from the real industrial …</text>
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                <text>Clemence Dupey Agbenorxevi, Stewart Selase Hevi, Ebenezer Malcalm, Jennifer Akude, Ruth Kukua Ntumy Coleman</text>
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                <text>Economic and non-economic motives for gambling may amplify anxiety and depression among young adults. On the grounds that online gambling is highly addictive, it is imperative to assess significant contributory factors in gambling that aggravate financial harm and psychological distress. The study examines gamified problem gambling and psychological distress among young adults in Ghanaian universities. The study further explores the mediating role of cognitive biases and heuristics as well as financial motive for gambling between gamified problem gambling and psychological distress. Through a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling technique, the study employed (n = 678) respondents who took part in different forms of gambling events in the last 2 years. Instruments for construct assessment include problem gambling severity, cognitive biases and heuristics, financial motive for gambling …</text>
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                <text>Constructing the historicity of chieftaincy among the Nawuri of northern Ghana</text>
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                <text>Pre-colonial societies in Northern Ghana have been described as "centralized" and "acephalous". While the Mole-Dagbani, Gonja and Wala states were said to be centralized, that is states with systems of government by which jurisdiction is territorial and based on chieftaincy with a paramount chief serving as the nexus of authority, the rest of the societies in Northern Ghana were described as acephalous - lacking territorial unity defined in administrative terms and by the notion of chieftaincy. Categorized as acephalous, the pre-colonial existence of chieftaincy in Nawuri society was dismissed. This paper argues that the description of Nawuri society as acephalous is inappropriate and inconsistent with available historical evidence about the ancient existence of chieftaincy among the Nawuri. Scholars must begin to construct the historicity of chieftaincy among the Nawuri in the context of a centralized …</text>
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                <text>Institute of African Studies</text>
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                <text>Ghana in the New Millennium</text>
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                <text>CLETUS K MBOWURA, FELIX TY LONGI, AWAISU I BRAIMAH, BERNICE OTENG, FAUSTINA E GANAA</text>
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                <text>There are worries concerning the effects of the conflicts on national and sub-regional security and stability (Aapengnuo, 1996), especially with reference to economic growth and development. Aapengnuo (1996) observed that almost seventy percent (70%) of the inhabitants live below the national poverty line, compared to the national average of 27%.&#13;
Since the 1980s the dark cloud of the notorious “northern conflicts” has been a public issue. It reached its peak in the Dagomba-Konkomba conflict during the early part of 1994 (Kombat, 2008). The Bunkpurugu/Yunyoo District was also engulfed in inter-ethnic conflicts in 1985. The conflict began when Bimoba (Moab) and Komba (a section of Konkombas) clashed at the Bimbagu Market. Described by the media as “The Mango Conflict,” the Bimoba-Komba conflict occasioned widespread killings and immeasurable burning of houses (Kombat, 2008).</text>
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                <text>WOELI PUBLISHING SERVICES</text>
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                <text>Peace Operations in Northern Ghana: A Comparative Analysis of State-Sponsored Peace Operations in the Dagbon, Konkomba-Nanumba and Nawuri-Gonja Conflicts in the Northern Region of Ghana</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura&#13;
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                <text>It is axiomatic that state-sponsored peace operations are conducted in Ghana aimed at&#13;
combating conflicts. In the Dagbon intra-ethnic conflict and theNawuri-Gonja and KonkombaNanumbainter-ethnic conflicts in present-day Northern Region of Ghana, state-sponsored peace&#13;
operations were marshalled to either prevent the outbreak of conflicts, de-escalate tensions or&#13;
combat the conflicts to ensure law and order. Some of the security measures rolled out as part of&#13;
the peace operations in these conflicts included strategies such as a combined military-police&#13;
patrols, mounting checkpoints to prevent the inflow of arms, the imposition of state of&#13;
emergency, increasing security presence in the volatile areas, among others. This paper explores&#13;
the security arrangements in the peace operations in theDagbon, Konkomba-Nanumba and&#13;
Nawuri-Gonja conflicts in the Northern Region of Ghana. Blending written and unwritten data&#13;
together in an orthodox historical tradition, this study argues that the measures were not entirely&#13;
successful. </text>
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                <text>Inter-Ethnic Conflicts and their Impact on National Development, Integration and Social Cohesion: A Study of the Nawuri-Gonja Conflict in Northern Ghana</text>
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                <text>For many years Northern Region of Ghana has been in a state of turmoil and atrophy due to intermittent interethnic conflicts over a broad layer of issues. In 1991 and 1992, Kpandai and its surrounding areas in present-day Kpandai District in Northern Ghana were enmeshed in inter-ethnic conflict between the Gonja and the Nawuri over allodial land rights. Apart from the loss of human lives and property, the war disrupted economic and sociocultural activities, and caused internal displacement of people with its attendant social and economic repercussions. For close to two decades after the inter-ethnic conflict, the rippling effects of the war continued to be pronounced. This paper discusses the outcomes and impact of the Nawuri-Gonja conflict, and argues that its outcomes and impact were devastating and rippling on rural life and society, and that they posed a challenge to national development, national integration and social cohesion.</text>
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                <text>Nawuri-Gonja Conflict, 1932-1996</text>
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                <text>This study examines the causes of the Nawuri-Gonja conflict, which broke out in&#13;
1991 over allodial land rights. In Alfai, as is the case of other Ghanaian societies, the modes of measuring allodial land rights are embedded in the historical traditions of the people. By right of autochthony and autonomy, allodial land rights in Alfai in the precolonial period resided in the Nawuri. However, Alfai’s encounters with the colonial enterprise led to the evolution of new constructs of allodial rights in land, which challenged established traditions and provided the opportunity for the immigrant Gonja community to appropriate land.</text>
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                <text>Security and conflict: Appraising and interrogating security arrangements in the Nawuri-Gonja conflict in Northern Ghana</text>
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                <text>In 1991 and 1992, Kpandai and its environs in present-day Kpandai District in Northern Ghana were enmeshed in a violent inter-ethnic conflict between the Gonja and the Nawuri over allodial land rights. War broke out between the two ethnic groups in April 1991, June 1991 and May 1992. Prior to the conflict, many pre-emptive security measures were implemented to de-escalate the tension. The government also deplored a Police-Military Task Force to Kpandai and its environs to provide security disarm the combatants and maintain law and order. Similarly, measures were undertaken to de-escalate and bring an end to hostilities in the Salaga area when the conflict was extended to the vicinity in 1992 and 1994. The Police and Military peacekeepers showed professionalism as they remained neutral and used subtle measures such as firing warning shots to scare off combatants, disarming the warring factions, seizing arms, and dialoguing with the warring factions to bring an end to hostilities. Nevertheless, the peacekeepers found it difficult to contain, de-escalate and reduce the intensity of the conflict. This paper provides a perspective on security arrangements in the Nawuri-Gonja conflict. By assessing the security measures before, during and after the conflict, the paper argues that the measures were largely unsuccessful.</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura</text>
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                <text>This thesis looks at the relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja from 1913 to 1994. It discusses the arrival of the Nawuri, the Gonja and other immigrants into the Nawuri area and the nature of the relationship between the two groups of people through time. Contacts between the Nawuri and the Gonja date back to the seventeenth century when the two ethnic groups regarded each other as political allies. As political allies, the Nawuri supported the Gonja when eastern Gonja came under attack by Asante in 1744-45. Similarly, the Nawuri supported the Lepo Gonja (one of the three gates to the Kpembe chieftaincy) when a civil war erupted between Kanyase on the one hand and the Lepo and the Sungbung on the other. The relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja up to 1913 was very cordial and peaceful. In 1913 Karantu Kankarantu Jawula was installed the Kanankulaiwura in the Nawuri area. Throughout his tenure of office, Kanankulaiwura Jawula pursued polices that indicated that the Nawuri were Gonja subjects and that allodial rights to the lands in the Nawuri area resided in the Gonja. It was this action of Kanankulaiwura Jawula and the subsequent amalgamation of the Nawuri area to the Gonja state that brought about a change in the relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja. There are several feuds between the Nawuri and the Gonja relating to birthrights, allodial rights, overlordship and chieftaincy became the thrusts of their relationship. The local feuds between the Nawuri and the Gonja determined their positions in politics concerning the status of British sphere of Togoland from 1922 to 1956 as well as politics in …</text>
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                <text>The British Colonial Factor in Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Contemporary Northern Ghana: The Case of the Nawuri-Gonja Conflict</text>
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