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                <text>This paper explores the relationship between gross fixed capital formation, financial development, and economic growth in Africa. The study used 39 African countries from 1997 to 2017. The study adopted five financial development indicators. The study employed Augmented Mean Group and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimation techniques for the estimations. From the study, Bank Deposit to GDP is statistically significant, it has a negative effect on economic growth, and it shows dual causality, Bank Deposit is inadequate in Africa but significant to economic growth. Broad Money to GDP, Domestic Credit to GDP, and Credit to Private Sector to GDP are all statistically insignificant to growth. They also have negative influence on economic growth. Broad Money shows dual causality with growth while both Domestic Credit, and Credit to Private Sector displays one way causality from economic growth. Gross Domestic Savings to GDP is statistically insignificant and it has a positive bearing on growth, it has one-way causality from growth. Broad Money is very limited in Africa to the extent that, the funds available for domestic transactions are barely enough to have any impact on economic growth. Domestic banks and financial institutions hardly gives credit to private sector and government institutions, due to high risk factor. Gross fixed capital formation has a positive bearing on economic growth. It displays bi-directional causality with economic growth. Financial development does not have a blanket relationship with economic growth, but rather it depends on the type of financial development indicator being used.</text>
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                <text>Do financial development, urbanization, economic growth and renewable energy promote the emission mitigation agenda of Africa? Evidence from models that account for cross …</text>
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                <text>Carbon emissions from anthropogenic human activities are viewed as the major cause of pollution in the environment. The Paris Treaty came into effect to help minimize the galloping rate of global ecological pollution. The surge in global emissions has prompted other nations to change their environmental regulations to help them to attain their emission mitigation agenda. For instance, China, United States and India have improved their Nationally Determined Contributions they pledged as signatories to the Paris Accord to help them to achieve their sustainable development goals But, despite nations committing to the guidelines of this accord, ecological contamination continues to rise in the globe. To help curb the above menace, a study on the connection between financial development, urbanization, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and environmental quality of 27 countries from North, South and East Africa over the period 1990 to 2019 was conducted. In attaining this goal, econometric techniques that are robust to heterogeneity and residual cross-sectional dependence were deemed appropriate. From the preliminary analysis, the panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally dependent. Also, all the series were stationary after first difference and cointegrated in the long-run. On the regression estimates via the common correlated effects mean group technique, financial development improved environmental quality in the North, South and Eastern regions by 0.56%, 0.42%, and 0.44% respectively. Also, renewable energy promoted ecological safety in the Northern and Eastern regions by 0.24% and 0.08% respectively …</text>
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