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                <text>Optimization of inulin and polydextrose mixtures as sucrose replacers during sugar-free chocolate manufacture–Rheological, microstructure and physical quality characteristics</text>
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                <text>Roger Philip Aidoo, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Koen Dewettinck</text>
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                <text>Inulin and polydextrose have in recent times form basic ingredients in the manufacture of many sugar-free products. However, the applicability and suitability of inulin and polydextrose mixtures as sucrose replacers during manufacture of sugar-free chocolate is yet to be fully understood. This work investigated optimum conditions as well as influences of inulin and polydextrose mixtures as sucrose replacers on rheological properties, microstructure and physical qualities during manufacture of sugar-free chocolate. Increasing inulin concentrations with simultaneous reduction in polydextrose resulted in consistent increases in the Casson plastic viscosity while that led to decreases in Casson yield stress. Chocolate formulated with 100% polydextrose revealed large crystals with dense smaller particles and minimal inter-particle spaces compared to large crystals with more void spaces in chocolates formulated with 100 …</text>
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                <text>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260877413005542</text>
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                <text>Optimization of Power System Operation</text>
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                <text>Jizhong Zhu, Ph.D</text>
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                <text>Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal pre-processing conditions that would yield the best quality canned product from bambara groundnuts. Pre-canning parameters such as blanching time, soaking time and sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO3) 6] salt concentration were used as the independent variables for a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) for the canning of the bambara groundnuts and the quality characteristics (moisture content, drained weight, leached solids and seed hardness) of the canned products. Regression models were generated and their adequacy used to predict the optimum response values using blanching time of 2-12 min, soaking time 0-24 h and salt concentration [(NaPO3) 6] of 0-1%. The optimal conditions were determined using regression models. The results revealed that soaking time, blanching time and salt concentration all significantly (p&lt; 0.05) influenced most of the quality indices of the canned products. Soaking and blanching caused significant reductions in the hardness of the seeds with consequential increases in the moisture content, drained weight and leached solids. The presence of the sodium salt influenced the hardness of the seeds. Increasing salt concentration increased the drained weight and seed hardness but decreased the splitting of the products. The optimal conditions required to achieve the optimum moisture content, pH level and other quality indices studied on the canned bambara groundnuts were blanching time of 5 mins, soaking time of 12 hours and [(NaPO3) 6] salt concentration of 0.5%.&#13;
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                <text>Optimization of the Processing Conditions and Quality Characteristics of Water Melon Jams Using Response Surface Methodology</text>
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                <text>Gilbert Owiah Sampson, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Oluwakemi Cyrilla Ogunseye, Daniel Tetteh Amanquah</text>
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                <text>Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for K=2 was employed to analyze the combined effect of sugar concentration and acid balancing on the soluble solids, refractive index, water insoluble solids total acidity and pH of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) jam. Regression models were developed to predict the effects of the processing parameters on the studied indices. Significant interactions were observed between all the factors with high regression coefficients (61.78-98.34%). There was a significant (p≤0.05) influence of the quadratic factors of pH and sugar concentration as well as the linear factor of pH on the soluble solids content, pH and refractive index but no significant influence of total acidity and water insoluble solids on watermelon jams. However, the linear and quadratic factors of pH showed no significant (p≤0.05) influence on the refractive index of the watermelon …</text>
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                <text>Optimization of the processing conditions and quality characteristics of watermelon jams using response surface methodology</text>
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                <text>E Afoakwa, O Oguseye, G Annor, J Ashong</text>
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                <text>Water melon (Citrullus vugaris) is a fruit grown for its thirst quenching property rather than for ant nutritional value. It consists of 92% water and 8% sugar, so it is aptly named. Its high water content makes it impracticable to use this fruit for jam, but because it is seasonal, processing the fruit into jam is a means of keeping this out of season produce available throughout the year. This study sought to investigate the effect of sugar concentration and pH balance on the chemical, physiochemical and physical properties of watermelon jams. Through the response surface methodology (RSM), the effect of refractive index, soluble solids, pH, total acidity, moisture, ash, total carbohydrate, hardness and colour with respect to sugar concentration and pH were determined. Response surface models were generated using regression analysis and used to plot graphs for each of the indices studied. The results revealed that inclusion of 60% sugar improved the soluble solids content, texture, colour and gel set of the jam. Inclusion of sugar concentration above 60% did not increase soluble solids content of the jam and resulted in jams of sticky consistency which is unacceptable from the standpoint of the consumer. The low sugar jams failed to set and had unacceptable texture, colour and soluble solids content. Sugar significantly contributes to the quality of the jam but above 60% sugar concentration, the quality of the jam is not improved. Acid had significant effect on the gel set, texture, total acidity and pH of the finished jam. All the pH levels studied resulted in jams of acceptable pH when analyzed. The optimal conditions required achieving the optimum soluble …</text>
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                <text>Optimizing the Berthing Space to Reduce  Clearance Time during Importation, A Case of Tema Port - GHANA </text>
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&#13;
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                <text>Due to the delays in the clearance time during importation, both maritime industry and academia are seeking for alternative strategies to address these concerns. This is because the port remains the heartbeat of every economy. The reduction of the time in handling vessels and cargoes can be achieved, if effective measures are put in place to reduce the cycle time of operational and documentary activities during importation. The study is motivated by the port expansion project at the Port of Tema which promises to triple the capacity of the port. The dissertation seeks to develop a stylized optimization model using Knapsack to maximize the number of vessels served at the port of Tema, develop and test a simulation model to simulate the current state of vessel operations in order to identify challenges at port of Tema and conduct scenario analysis simulation in order to maximize the number of vessels served to minimize the clearance time during importation. To achieve the objectives of the study, a stylized knapsack and simulation models are developed to optimize the utilization of berthing space while considering resource allocation, berth length, and other operational constraints. To test the effectiveness of the models, a 12 months’ vessel statistics is utilized to run the optimization and simulation models. The simulation model is utilized to further test effectiveness of the model through scenario analysis simulation. The Knapsack model reports of high utilization of 87% of berthing space. The simulation results, on the other hand, records a high berth occupancy rate. However, the number of vessels handled within the time horizon was averagely low with a corresponding high vessel service time (turnaround time). Furthermore, the scenario analysis simulation showed a comparatively high occupancy rate, a low vessel service time and a high berth space utilization.</text>
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