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                <text>Oil and Gas Management</text>
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                <text>Hunger and malnutrition have reached crisis proportions in much of Africa where about 200 million people are undernourished. Africa is the only region in the world to have experienced such substantial increase in the number of undernourished in the past 30 years, reasons for which HIV/AIDS has been noted as a major factor. HIV/AIDS depletes both human resources and capital, leading to a reduction in land area cultivated, changes in crop patterns, declines in food yields and human nutritional status. While there are many dimensions to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, little attention has been focussed on the impact of the disease on agricultural production, nutrition security, household food security and ultimately the health of the African populace.&#13;
This paper draws implications from various nutritional and epidemiological studies conducted in Africa. It also presents a framework for analysing the problems and highlights key effects of the disease on food and nutrition security, farm households and larger production units as well as the health of people in different parts of Africa.</text>
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                <text>HIV/AIDS scourge and economic growth in sub-Sahara Africa</text>
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                <text>S Twumasi-Ankrah, JT Ashaolu, Isaac Ankrah</text>
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                <text>This study examines the impact of HIV/AIDS scourge on economic growth of some selected Sub-Sahara African countries. The three sub-Sahara African regions (Southern, West and Eastern) are categorized into lowest and highest HIV prevalence rate, using the global report of the UNAIDS 2012 data. In each region, the lowest and the highest HIV prevalence rate countries are selected respectively. Thus, we consider a panel of three countries in each category over a period from 1995–2012. We used these data to estimate the cross-country level regressions of these two categories, using panel data models. Thus, our results are in twofold: For lowest HIV prevalence rate category, the pooled OLS model was the “best” model. This pooled OLS model indicated that, for one unit increase in HIV prevalence rate, the gross domestic product per capita of countries is expected to decrease by US $23.46, holding all other variables constant. Again for highest HIV prevalence rate category, the fixed effect model was the “best” model. The fixed effect model revealed that, one unit increase in HIV prevalence rate will cause the gross domestic product per capita of countries to decrease by US $9.98, holding all other variables constant. Generally, for a unit increase in HIV prevalence rate, the impact of HIV on the economy is two-thirds larger in lowest HIV prevalence rate countries than that of the highest HIV prevalence rate countries.</text>
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                <text>Holistic analysis of the relationship between capital structure and stock price of consumer staples</text>
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                <text>M Owusu-Akomeah, Joseph Asare, EA Kuma, Stephen Owusu Afriyie</text>
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                <text>Purpose: This study seeks to assess how capital structure and stock price are related to Ghana's consumer staple sector.&#13;
Design/methodology/approach: The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) has six consumer staple companies listed on it. The stock prices, equity values, debt values, market capitalization, and earnings per share of the listed consumer staple sector companies obtained from GSE were analyzed using Excel and SPSS. The result indicated that between 2011 and 2019, the companies recorded high mean equity value than mean debt value. The correlation analysis also suggested a weak relationship between capital structure and stock price. The fitted regression models suggested that capital structure is not a predictive variable for the stock price.&#13;
Findings: The study discovered that consumer staple sector companies must pay much attention to the capital structure since it has a weak relationship with the stock price. Because its effect is not easily identified within a short period but accumulates over time which severely influences investors' decision. The study also observed that capital structure and stock price variations pose certain challenges to the companies. Practical implications: Financing decisions play a vital role in the management of firms. Two main funding options accessible by firms are equity and debt. Firms have the choice to go in for one or both funding options. Investors who patronize these stocks or shares gain interest in the performance of the firms' stocks. It is worth noting that equity and debt make up a firm’s financing structure.&#13;
Originality value: An optimal capital structure is obtained when a firm has the right …</text>
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