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                <text>Flavor formation and character in cocoa and chocolate: a critical review</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Alistair Paterson, Mark Fowler, Angela Ryan</text>
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                <text>Chocolate characters not only originate in flavor precursors present in cocoa beans, but are generated during post-harvest treatments and transformed into desirable odor notes in the manufacturing processes. Complex biochemical modifications of bean constituents are further altered by thermal reactions in roasting and conching and in alkalization. However, the extent to which the inherent bean constituents from the cocoa genotype, environmental factors, post-harvest treatment, and processing technologies influence chocolate flavor formation and relationships with final flavor quality, has not been clear. With increasing speciality niche products in chocolate confectionery, greater understanding of factors contributing to the variations in flavor character would have significant commercial implications.</text>
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                <text>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408390701719272#d1e530</text>
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                <text>Flavour volatiles release in dark chocolates varying in particle size distribution and fat content using GC-MS and GC-Olfactometry.</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Alistair Paterson, Mark Fowler, Angela Ryan</text>
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                <text>Influences of matrix particle size distribution (PSD) (18, 25, 35 and 50 μm) and fat content (25%, 30% and 35%) on flavour release of dark chocolate volatiles were quantified by static headspace gas chromatography using GC–MS. Sixty-eight (68) flavour compounds were identified, comprising alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, furans, pyrans, pyrazines, pyridines, pyroles, phenols, pyrones and thiozoles. From GC–olfactometry, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal had chocolate notes. With cocoa/roasted/nutty notes were trimethyl-, tetramethyl-, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,5-dimethyl-, 3(or 2),5-dimethyl-2(or 3)-ethyl- and 3,5(or 6)-diethyl-2-methylpyrazine and furfuralpyrrole. Compounds with fruity/floral notes included 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol and 5-ethenyltetrahydro-R,R,5-trimethyl-cis-2-furanmethanol. Caramel-like, sweet and honey notes were conferred by 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde …</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:0BSZZHtHo6cC</text>
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                <text>Gudmundsson, J. Steinar </text>
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                <text>This book explores the ways in which the environmental factor of advertising can influence children’s food choice and health status, and how it contributes to the significant public health issue of childhood obesity.&#13;
&#13;
Food Advertising and Childhood Obesity seeks to gain a better understanding of children’s food choice based on children’s exposure to different advertising by analyzing food type, brand mascot physique, health messages, and media. The book begins by reviewing the ways in which children become consumers and the role of advertising in this process. It then explores a range of advertising variables in children’s food choice and consumption. This includes theoretical and practical discussion of foods and brand mascots, health messages embodied in food advertising, and comparisons of the effects of different advertising based on entertainment level, such as using new media to present ‘advergames’ supported by television advertising. Each chapter is supported with relevant theories and a research summary is presented on each topic for clarification. The book also introduces some ways of constructive working with children and concludes with a chapter dedicated to market research and children.&#13;
&#13;
Written for students and practitioners of marketing, market research, and advertising, especially within the global food industry, this book offers readers a new approach to understanding child food choice and consumption that will inform effective corporate social responsibility strategies to address this issue.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429344435/food-advertising-childhood-obesity-fariba-esmaeilpour-mitra-shabani-nashtaee</text>
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