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                <text>: Modelling tempering behaviour of dark chocolates from varying particle size distribution and fat content using response surface methodology</text>
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                <text>E Ohene Afoakwa, P Alistair, M Fowler, J Vieira</text>
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                <text>Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) for K= 2 was used to study the combined effects of multi-stage heat exchangers for Stages 1 (14–30 C) and 2 (12–28 C) coolant temperatures at constant Stage 3 coolant and holding temperatures during tempering of dark chocolates using laboratory-scale mini-temperer. Quantitative data on chocolate temper index (slope) were obtained for products with varying particle size distribution (PSD)(D90 of 18, 25, 35 and 50 μm) and fat (30% and 35%) content. Regression models generated using stepwise regression analyses were used to plot response surface curves, to study the tempering behaviour of products. The results showed that both Stage 1 and Stage 2 coolant temperatures had significant linear and quadratic effects on the crystallization behaviour causing wide variations in chocolate temper index during tempering of products with variable PSD and fat content. Differences in fat content exerted the greatest variability in temperature settings of the different zones for attaining well-tempered products. At 35% fat content, changes in PSD caused only slight and insignificant effect on tempering behaviour. No unique set of conditions was found to achieve good temper in dark chocolate with a specified tempering unit. Thus, different combinations of temperatures could be employed between the multi-stage heat exchangers to induce nucleation and growth of stable fat crystal polymorphs during tempering. Variations in tempering outcomes of the dark chocolates were dependent more on the fat content than PSD.</text>
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                <text>Cocoa and chocolate consumption–Are there aphrodisiac and other benefits for human health?</text>
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                <text>E Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>Cocoa and chocolate have been acclaimed for several years for their possible medicinal and health benefits. It is only recently, however, that some of these claims have been more clearly identified and studied. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies, for example, have shown that dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate may exert a protective effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, which has been associated with a reduced risk of developing atherosclerosis. Some of the identified benefits of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate include antioxidant properties, reduced blood pressure via the induction of nitric-oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in men, improved endothelial function, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased platelet activation and function, as well as modulated immune function and inflammation. Furthermore, chocolate has been reported to release phenylethylamine and serotonin into the human system, producing some aphrodisiac and mood-lifting effects. Since these claims could have implications for the consumption levels of cocoa and chocolate products on the global market, understanding the critical factors involved and their potential benefits are currently thought to be of great importance to consumers.</text>
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                <text>Building Sustainable Agricultural Development through Home-Grown School Feeding-he African Approach</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Linley Chiwona-Karltun</text>
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                <text>Proper nutrition is critical for optimal growth, cognitive development, general well-being and academic performance of children. Access to good nutrition either at home or through the educational system can contribute to the elimination of malnutrition and its associated health and developmental problems. In this regard, The 2005 UN World Summit recommended the expansion of local school feeding programmes, using home-grown foods where possible as one of the “Quick impact initiatives” to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, especially for rural areas facing the dual challenge of high chronic malnutrition and low agricultural productivity. Further to this, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Secretariat and UN Millennium Project Task Force on Hunger proposed that school feeding be linked with agricultural development through the purchase of locally/domestically produced food, school gardens and the incorporation of agriculture into school curricula, to stimulate demand for locally produced food and trigger market mechanisms, particularly in marginal rural areas where these mechanisms do not exist. These developments show increasing recognition by the world community, and particularly by African governments, for the importance of school feeding. Given that most poor people in developing countries live in rural areas and earn livelihoods in the agricultural sector, school feeding is now being seen as a promising synergistic entry point to not only improve educational outcomes, along with nutrition and health status of poor and undernourished children, but also to jump-start local agricultural development in …</text>
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                <text>Employee engagement and task performance in state‐owned enterprises in developing countries: The case study of the power sector in Ghana</text>
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                <text>Frank LK Ohemeng, Theresa Obuobisa Darko, Emelia Amoako‐Asiedu</text>
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                <text>A growing number of studies prove a relationship between employee engagement (EE) and performance. Unfortunately, almost all originate in the developed world; the few that look at developing countries, including their public sectors, have focused more on the civil service and agencies, and neglect state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), despite their importance for delivery of public services. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of EE on task performance in SOEs in developing countries, with particular reference to Ghana. We purposively selected SOEs in the power sector and quantitatively surveyed their employees. We employed regression analysis to examine the link between EE and employee task performance. Our study, like those before it, shows that EE has a positive and significant effect on employee task performance. Our findings further suggest that for SOEs to achieve their targets with …</text>
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                <text>Leadership, employee engagement and employee performance in the public sector of Ghana</text>
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                <text>Emelia Amoako-Asiedu, Theresa Obuobisa-Darko</text>
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                <text>Organisations are developing interest in the effective management of their employees’ performance in today’s competitive environment. Effective leadership has become increasingly necessary for organisations who are interested in improving employee performance. Extant literature confirms the role leaders play in the management of employee performance as well as ensuring high levels of employee engagement. This paper seeks to identify the relationship between leadership style, employee engagement and performance in public sector organisations. Adopting a mixed method approach, the study employed convenience sampling and data was obtained from questionnaire and interviews. Using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and content analysis the results showed that motivation and quality play an important mediating effect on the effect of leadership on employee performance. It was also found that fairness, flexibility, involvement in decision making and creating an environment where an employee feels valued and respected made employees engaged. Results also showed that engaged employees perform to their maximum best.</text>
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                <text>Journal of Business and Management Sciences</text>
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                <text>Bureaucratic leadership, trust building, and employee engagement in the public sector in Ghana: The perspective of social exchange theory</text>
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                <text>Frank LK Ohemeng, Theresa Obuobisa Darko, Emelia Amoako-Asiedu</text>
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An engaged workforce has never been more important than it is now. Research continues to reveal a strong link between engaged employees and employee performance. Consequently, different strategies continue to be developed to enhance employee engagement (EE) in organisations. Unfortunately, many of these strategies have not worked due to the lack of trust that some employees may have towards organisational leaders. Thus, it is argued that the first step in building an effective EE is building trust, which will erode all sorts of suspicion of the intention of leaders in the organisation. Unfortunately, the literature is not clear about how to build such trust, especially in developing countries where the organisational environment is much different from that in developed ones; making the applicability of models in the developed world quite difficulty in these countries. How can public sector leaders build …</text>
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                <text>Corporate social responsibility is increasingly becoming the ideal and approved mode of sustaining good relations between corporate bodies and their surrounding communities. The building of a strong relationship is essential for the simple reason that a corporation’s ability to operate effectively is partly dependent upon the community’s understanding of the corporations’ business activities, their acceptance and the provision of a conducive environment for the corporation to operate (Du and Vieria 2012). However, there seems to be a disconnect between the perceptions of communities’ desire from such social interventions and what has been provided in many documented instances. Eventually, situations have occurred where the desired effects of the initiatives by corporate bodies are almost non-existent in beneficiary communities. This can be attributed to the apparent lack of well-established relationships and trust between corporations and communities. Additionally, according to Kemp (2010), it is conceptualised as a three-dimensional practice that involves: working for the company to understand local community perspectives; bridging community and company perspectives to generate dialogue and mutual understanding; and, facilitating necessary organisational change to improve social performance.</text>
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Findings from this paper suggest that public service governance in DCs are embedded in complex dynamics between power relations, complexity and social norms, and bureaucratic leaders should …</text>
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                <text>Two Sida/SAREC supported PhD students, one based at Addis Ababa University (AAU) and one at SLU, have been working on different areas within this project. The AAU student has been part of a “sandwich” program, but for both students mobility between the department of Biology at AAU and the department of Plant Protection Biology at SLU Alnarp, has been high. The networking between the departments has also been enhanced by frequent reciprocal visits by the senior scientists in project. As part of the project, a state of the art laboratory for insect chemical ecology work has been established at AAU. Furthermore, competence training for chemical ecology research at AAU for others than the PhD students has been conducted both within the framework of this project, but also within a Linnaeus Palme exchange program that has been established between the departments as a result of the current collaboration.&#13;
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Building Sustainable Agricultural Development through Home-Grown School Feeding</text>
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