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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>The influence of blanching, anti-browning agent and processing time on some physico-chemical properties and appearance of green peppers (Capsicum sinensis) during canning</text>
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                <text>Henry Mensah-Brown, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Michael Hinneh</text>
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                <text>Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was used to generate twenty combinations of these factors: blanching time, processing time and sodium metabisulphite concentration. The optimized conditions were then adapted for the canning process of green pepper. Blanching time ranged from 0-1 min whereas processing time and sodium metabisulphite concentration ranged from 10-30 min and 0-0.2%, respectively. The canned products were analyzed for physico-chemical qualities using standard analytical methods. Results obtained from various physico-chemical analyses showed variable trends and influences of the linear, quadratic and exponential interactions on the measured quality indices such as pH of the drained liquid, drained weight of the canned product, leached solids and colour of the canned products. The results showed significant (p. 0.05) quadratic effect of sodium metabisulphite as well as linear effect of blanching time on the drained weight of the canned green pepper. Generally, the pH of the medium decreased (increased acidity) with increasing processing time, which was also positively associated with the extent or amount of leaching. Additionally, all three factors were observed to have affected (to variable extent) the colour of the canned products. Blanching and processing times also affected the degree of browning. There was a strong significant (p. 0.05) influence of the quadratic factors of blanching time, processing time and sodium metabisulphite concentration on the colour properties (a-values, b-values and L-values) of the canned products. Statistical analysis showed significant (p. 0.05) linear effects of …</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Changes in physico-chemical characteristics and volatile flavour components of different yoghurt products made from soy, peanuts and cow milk</text>
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                <text>Fidelis Kpodo, E Afoakwa, K Saalia, B Amoa</text>
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                <text>Milk blends from legumes are potential nutritional substitutes in cultures where cow milk is used for yoghurt production. Peanut and soy based products have been considered to have poor sensory characteristics due to the beany and off-flavours they generate in food products that contain them. The high polyunsaturated fatty acid content of legumes makes these products susceptible to lipid oxidation leading to rancidity and development of off-flavours. Acceptability ratings of these products have been significantly lower than the traditional dairy products. Nonetheless, food scientists are still faced with the challenge of formulating foods that are appealing and acceptable to consumers, but still contain significant amounts of these oilseed proteins for their health benefits. The development of a storage stable yoghurt product from these vegetable seeds has the potential to increase utilization and market for peanut and soy beans. The study investigated the keeping quality of Soy-peanut-cow milk yoghurt (SPCY), Defatted peanut-soy milk yoghurt (DPSY) and Cow milk yoghurt (CMY) refrigerated at 5 C over a period of 21 days during storage. Volatile flavor compounds in the different yoghurt samples were determined by static head space technique using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Titratable acidity increased in all samples after one week of storage but was highest in CMY (1.2%-2.60%) followed by DPSY (0.57%-0.89%). SPCY had the least titratable acidity value (0.23%-0.44%). CMY and DPSY were more susceptible to syneresis. Free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) were high in the full fat product compared to …</text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Improving the safety of smoked fish through kiln design the case of FAO-Thiaroye technique in Ghana</text>
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                <text>Kennedy Bomfeh, B DeMeulenaer, L Jacxsens, WK Amoa-Awua, I Tandoh, EO Afoakwa, Y DieiOuadi, E GarridoGamarro</text>
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                <text>Smoked fish is a major source of animal protein for Ghanaians. However, traditional methods for processing the commodity potentially expose consumers to food safety risks. The methods typically rely on burning wood as fuel to cook and flavour fish. This practice is known to result in high amounts of carcinogens known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the smoked fish, with the consequence that the products could endanger public health and have reduced market access. An innovative processing system, called the F AO-Thiaroye Processing Technique (FTT), was launched in 2014 in Ghana to address concerns linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It was envisaged that the design characteristics ofFTT and its reliance on alternative fuel use would reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in smoked fish. This study therefore investigated the efficacy of the innovation through comparative fish smoking tests between FTT and the traditional kilns. Data obtained show that products from traditional kilns had polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels up to 33 times the globally referenced European Union maximum limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons regulation, whereas products from FTT had lower values than European Union maximum limits. The results demonstrate the efficacy of FTT to reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish and thus improve the safety and market access of the products</text>
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                <text>Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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                  <text>Food Science </text>
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                <text>Chemical composition and effect of processing on oxalate content of taro corms</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Samuel Sefa-Dedeh, EK Agyir-Sackey</text>
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                <text>The chemical composition as well as the effect of processing on the corms of two Xanthosoma sagittifolium species and Colocasia esculenta corms were evaluated. A 3x3 factorial experimental design with cocoyam varieties (Xanthosoma (white-flesh), Xanthosoma (red-flesh) and Colocasia) and corm section (distal, middle and apical) was performed to determine the chemical composition of the corms. Oxalate content of the various corms were also evaluated and the effect of processing assessed using standard analytical methods. The mean values of the proximate composition of the three cocoyam species evaluated were; crude protein 2.98-5.50 g/100g, total fat 0.28-0.97 g/100g, ash 1.56-2.98 g/100g, starch 12.23-36.04 g/100g and crude fibre 1.11-3.00 g/100g. The apical section of all the species had high protein content while the distal section had high levels of ash, fibre and minerals. Potassium, zinc, magnesium and phosphorus were the most abundant minerals. Oxalate compositions of the fresh samples were in the range of 253.49-380.55 µg/100g for the Xanthosoma sagittifolium (red-flesh), 302.19-322.82 µg/100g for the Xanthosoma sagittifolium (white-flesh) and 328.4-459.85 µg/100g for the Colocasia esculenta. No significant differences (p&lt; 0.05) were found between the oven-dried and solar-dried samples. However, drum drying reduced the oxalate levels by approximately 50% to average levels ranging from 99.94-191.16 µg/100g, implying that solar, oven and drum drying techniques can be used for the development of marketable dehydrated products from taro with reduced oxalate contents.</text>
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                <text>2003</text>
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  <item itemId="2026" public="1" featured="0">
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                <text>School Feeding Programmes in Africa-Current Developments and Challenges</text>
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                <text>E Ohene Afoakwa</text>
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                <text>2007</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=EZuX1N8AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=100&amp;amp;pagesize=100&amp;amp;citation_for_view=EZuX1N8AAAAJ:TFP_iSt0sucC</text>
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                <text>Policy recommendations and smallholder guidelines for improved fish smoking systems</text>
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                <text>[...] a risk assessment showed that should the FTT be used instead of traditional kilns to smoke fish in Ghana, consumers will be protected from PAH public health risks related to smoked fish consumption.[...] in 2017, the International Association of Fish Inspectors (IAFI) requested governments (especially those in developing countries) to prioritize the reduction of PAHs health risks associated with the consumption of smoked fish produced on the continent. 1 The statement noted that while the average exposure of consumers in the EU to PAHs2 averaged 3-4 ng/kg body weight/day from all sources, the estimated average from smoked fish only in West Africa was close to ten times the EU exposure. MOE is a dimensionless number representing the ratio between the lower limit of the benchmark dose level (BMDL10) for a given PAH to the dietary exposure of consumers to the same hazard (EFSA, 2008).[...] ProQuest …</text>
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                <text>Jocelyn De Wever, Tibo De Coninck, Helena Everaert, Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa, Frauke Coppieters, Hayley Rottiers, Stephen Yaw Opoku, Samuel Lowor, Koen Dewettinck, Jo Vandesompele, Steve Lefever, Kathy Messens</text>
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                <text>To date, little attention has been paid to the genotypic plasticity and influence of the fermentation process on gene functions and biological processes in cacao beans. The primary tools for such analyses are gene expression studies with reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). While this is a well-appreciated technique, it is only reliable when considering the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines, which is unfortunately barely applied in plant sciences and non-existent in cacao-related studies. In this study, an appropriate from bean to RT-qPCR protocol was developed. In total, sixty-five candidate reference gene (RG) assays were validated. These assays were either adopted from literature (traditional “housekeeping” genes) or based on RNA-sequencing data (novel). After validation, three novel reference genes (SUGP1, NAP1, SGT1 …</text>
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