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                <text>Strategic marketing of higher education encompasses the efforts made by tertiary or higher education&#13;
institutions to develop a better understanding of the needs of their prospective customers in order to design&#13;
products and services to meet and exceed these needs. These marketing activities of tertiary institutions should&#13;
usually be carried out through the execution of purposeful conversations with all the university brand&#13;
stakeholders, and this is the function of brand marketing communications. Brand marketing communications&#13;
seeks to integrate multiple consumer contact points that occur through the purchase of commercial messages in&#13;
paid, earned, and owned media to deliver persuasive and impactful statements about higher education brands.&#13;
Persuasive brand communications is a critical pillar in the successful marketing efforts of universities&#13;
worldwide, and this new edited book focuses on marketing and brand communication issues from an African&#13;
perspective. This chapter introduces the coverage and contents of the book, highlighting the different themes&#13;
and chapters.</text>
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                <text>Strategic marketing of higher education encompasses the efforts made by tertiary&#13;
or higher education institutions to develop a better understanding of the needs of&#13;
their prospective customers in order to design products and services to meet and&#13;
exceed these needs. These marketing activities of tertiary institutions should&#13;
usually be carried out through the execution of purposeful conversations with all&#13;
the university brand stakeholders, and this is the function of brand marketing&#13;
communications (Mogaji, 2016). Brand marketing communications seeks to&#13;
integrate multiple consumer contact points that occur through the purchase&#13;
of commercial messages in paid, earned, and owned media to deliver persuasive and impactful statements about higher education brands. Persuasive brand&#13;
communications is a critical pillar in the successful marketing efforts of universities worldwide, and this new edited book focuses on marketing and&#13;
brand communication issues from an African perspective.&#13;
Africa is the second-largest continent, both in area and population, of the&#13;
seven continents in the world. The continent is vast as is its education system&#13;
designed to meet the educational needs of its citizens; however, there is a dearth&#13;
of insight into this vast education system, especially its higher education institutions despite the fact that higher education is known to support countries’ social,&#13;
economic, and cultural progress (Alcaide-Pulido, Alves, &amp; Gutiérrez-Villar,&#13;
2017). While acknowledging the limited theoretical insight into marketing&#13;
higher education in Africa (Maringe &amp; Foskett, 2002; Ivy, 2008) research&#13;
abounds on higher education in the developed countries, highlighting a gap in&#13;
knowledge that needs to be filled.&#13;
Universities in Africa are continually advancing towards providing better&#13;
quality education (Olaleye, Ukpabi, &amp; Mogaji, 2020). While there is a shortage&#13;
of funds for existing universities, governments are still creating more universities, private institutions are also establishing universities to meet these&#13;
growing demands, and likewise, universities in the developed countries are&#13;
opening international branch campuses in Africa (Chee, Butt, Wilkins, &amp; Ong,&#13;
2016; Maringe, 2009). The changing demographics of prospective students in&#13;
Africa is also changing – they are more demanding, mobile, and tech-savvy and&#13;
take time to search for information (Michael, 2004). These dynamics within&#13;
the sector is necessitating the need for strategic marketing of higher education&#13;
as universities are becoming more business-oriented in the competitive higher&#13;
education market (Ndofirepi, Farinloye, &amp; Mogaji, 2020).&#13;
Marketing of higher education is necessitated based on the need to deliver a&#13;
service to the market to those who can afford it (Mogaji &amp; Yoon, 2019). In&#13;
other words, some prospective students want to acquire tertiary education, and&#13;
likewise, some universities need more students in order to remain commercially&#13;
viable. Universities need to be strategic to portray how different and unique they&#13;
are as this becomes a competitive advantage (Mackelo &amp; Drūteikienė, 2010) and&#13;
building this unique brand image as a university means more significant advantages are possible (Hemsley-Brown &amp; Oplatka, 2006). The African context with&#13;
these marketing dynamics, however, needs to be acknowledged.&#13;
A significant challenge that colleges and universities in Africa face apart from&#13;
the state and standards of the campuses is that they are not deemed to be&#13;
competitive enough for consumers to perceive them as offering better products&#13;
and services than their competitors. Besides, there are external challenges, often&#13;
not in control of the university. There are challenges with the countries in&#13;
terms of safety, security, and opportunities, as well as the macroeconomic&#13;
stability living standards, inflation, and unemployment.&#13;
The challenges of African universities are multifaceted. They face unique&#13;
developmental challenges located in narratives of poverty, postcolonialism,&#13;
coloniality, and more recently, decolonisation (Maringe, 2020). There is a gap&#13;
in knowledge with regards to the marketing of higher education on the continent as the strategies adopted in the developed countries with a developed&#13;
educational sector may not necessarily work in Africa (Mogaji, Farinloye, &amp;&#13;
Aririguzoh, 2017). Even though there are some developed higher education&#13;
systems in Africa, such as in South Africa and Egypt, there is still a gap in&#13;
knowledge about the African higher education market. Thus, there is need for&#13;
better understanding of the higher education market and importantly their&#13;
marketing challenges which informs the marketing communications strategies&#13;
to be adopted.&#13;
This book fills that gap in knowledge. It addresses one of the many sectors&#13;
involved in developing the capacity of universities in Africa. While there are&#13;
challenges with the administration of the universities, funding structure, curriculum, and quality of education (Maringe, 2005; Mogaji, 2019), this book&#13;
focuses on the strategic marketing communications of the universities as they&#13;
engage with various stakeholders and enhances managers’ decision-making&#13;
capacity. This book offers empirical insight into the higher education market&#13;
across the continent. It offers significant theoretical and marketing practice&#13;
implications for academics, higher education administrators, and practitioners&#13;
on how best to reach out to prospective students in the competitive higher&#13;
education market using digital media and creating a brand that stands out.&#13;
Likewise, international practitioners aiming to market to prospective African&#13;
students or wishing to start partnerships with existing African universities will&#13;
2 Emmanuel Mogaji et al.&#13;
also find this relevant in understanding the dynamics of the African higher&#13;
education market. We hope that this book meaningfully advances our&#13;
comprehension of marketing higher education in Africa and that it will&#13;
stimulate further research.</text>
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                <text>The higher education landscape is changing. The global competition for students’ enrolments has increased around the world. Universities are competing within their home market as well as in the international market. As government funding for public universities is reducing, there is pressure on universities to seek additional income by increasing their student enrolment. Attracting and enrolling students has become increasingly more challenging, as student behaviour is changing. These challenges present the need for higher education institutions to be more strategic in their approach to reaching out to prospective students. This concluding chapter on strategic marketing of higher education in Africa presents practical implications and critical insights into strategic marketing and brand communications of higher education institutions in Africa. Agenda for future research were also provided. It is anticipated that this will shape further discussion and theoretical advancement which will be relevant for scholars, students, managers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of higher education marketing.</text>
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                <text>To understand better the challenges of implementing online learning in developing countries, the authors studied two consecutive iterations of an online course at a private university in Ghana during the in 2007-2008 academic year. Study participants were undergraduate pre-service teachers, and the course-Pedagogical Aspects of ICT-which hitherto had been delivered as a classroom-based lecture, was redesigned and delivered online by the instructors who also served as the researchers. This served the dual purpose of introducing the students to collaborative online learning, and providing the setting for this empirical study. Working within Africa's peculiar context of limited and unreliable technology infrastructure, and with students who preferred the traditional instructor-led approach to student-centered self-directed learning, several issues and challenges came to light. The lessons learnt, instructional strategies adopted, as well as the perspectives that the students shared in their formative and summative evaluations of the course, form the basis of a set of recommendations outlined in this paper. These recommendations therefore mainly relate to strategies that may be relevant to instructors who wish to foster young students' engagement and participation in learner-centered collaborative online learning activities within the context of limited technology infrastructure as pertains in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa.</text>
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                <text>Students pick up the perception that mathematics is abstract and therefore, the learning of mathematics would yield to them no benefit. With their attitude towards mathematics modelled and their interest for mathematics impacted by this automatic generated perception, they may never again appreciate the beauty of mathematics. In this paper, the researchers used structural equation modeling (SEM), to investigate the variables that affect students’ interest, among the variables, students’ confidence and motivation. The foregoing variables were conceptualized to have a direct effect on students’ interest in mathematics, whilst mathematics anxiety and students’ knowledge of the usefulness of mathematics were conceptualized to have indirect effects on their interest in mathematics moderated by students’ confidence and motivation. The result showed that significantly students’ confidence directly affects students …</text>
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