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                <text>This chapter elucidates the various armed and violent conflicts that characterize and stifle the development of northern Ghana. These conflicts have lingered over a century though armed confrontations have gradually waned and receded recently. The root of these armed conflicts is traceable to the colonial balkanization and amalgamation of ethnic groups and kingdoms into one whole for effective colonial management or administration. Postcolonial governments failed or did little to ?uproot? the seeds of conflict perpetuated by the colonialists. Armed conflicts in northern Ghana are both intraethnic and inter-ethnic with their associated cost to the region and the state at large. Pivotal to the litany of causes of these conflicts in northern Ghana are issues relating to chieftaincy, jurisdiction, and allodial land rights. Resolving these conflicts has so far been elusive. This chapter delineates the political economy of conflicts …</text>
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                <text>The British Colonial Factor in Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Contemporary Northern Ghana: The Case of the Nawuri-Gonja Conflict</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura</text>
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                <text>This thesis looks at the relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja from 1913 to 1994. It discusses the arrival of the Nawuri, the Gonja and other immigrants into the Nawuri area and the nature of the relationship between the two groups of people through time. Contacts between the Nawuri and the Gonja date back to the seventeenth century when the two ethnic groups regarded each other as political allies. As political allies, the Nawuri supported the Gonja when eastern Gonja came under attack by Asante in 1744-45. Similarly, the Nawuri supported the Lepo Gonja (one of the three gates to the Kpembe chieftaincy) when a civil war erupted between Kanyase on the one hand and the Lepo and the Sungbung on the other. The relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja up to 1913 was very cordial and peaceful. In 1913 Karantu Kankarantu Jawula was installed the Kanankulaiwura in the Nawuri area. Throughout his tenure of office, Kanankulaiwura Jawula pursued polices that indicated that the Nawuri were Gonja subjects and that allodial rights to the lands in the Nawuri area resided in the Gonja. It was this action of Kanankulaiwura Jawula and the subsequent amalgamation of the Nawuri area to the Gonja state that brought about a change in the relationship between the Nawuri and the Gonja. There are several feuds between the Nawuri and the Gonja relating to birthrights, allodial rights, overlordship and chieftaincy became the thrusts of their relationship. The local feuds between the Nawuri and the Gonja determined their positions in politics concerning the status of British sphere of Togoland from 1922 to 1956 as well as politics in …</text>
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Faculty Research Publications&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>Colonial conflicts in contemporary northern Ghana: A historical prognosis of the British colonial factor in the Nawuri-Gonja and Mamprusi-Kusasi conflicts</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Felix YT Longi</text>
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                <text>Northern Ghana has witnessed phenomenal increases in armed conflicts over the past three decades. Many of these conflicts are ‘colonial conflicts’ rooted in colonial policies, but some others have no reference to colonialism as they are occasioned by endogenous factors. The Kusasi-Mamprusi and Nawuri-Gonja conflicts are colonial conflicts whose historical roots are traceable to colonialism in Northern Ghana. This paper interrogates the British-sponsored political conferences held prior to the introduction of indirect rule in Northern Ghana, with special focus on the Mamprusi and Gonja conferences. The paper argues that the conferences sowed the seeds of the post-colonial MamprusiKusasi and Gonja-Nawuri conflicts.</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=FihyGVkAAAAJ&amp;amp;citation_for_view=FihyGVkAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC</text>
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                  <text>Faculty of IT Business</text>
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                <text>An Exploratory Examination of the Relationship between Business to Business Electronic Commerce Adoption and Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises</text>
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                <text>Chosniel Elikem Ocloo, Hu Xuhua, Stephen Owusu Afriyie, Henry Antwi Asante, Isaac Mensah Adjei</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Business to Business Electronic Commerce (B2B EC) adoption has been growing at a quicker pace in recent times and it has become one of the critical ways to help small and medium-sized enterprises to gain and sustain competitive advantage. A firm’s resource capabilities and endowments influence the different levels of B2B EC adoption that leads to competitive advantage gain and sustained in proportion to that level of adoption. The purpose of this research is to offer an exploratory analysis into the relationship between B2B EC adoption and competitive advantage. A survey of 315 responses was received from managers and owners of manufacturing SMEs in Ghana. A canonical correlation analysis is used to explore this relationship. The results support the view that there is a positive relationship between B2B EC adoption levels and competitive advantage.</text>
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                <text>2018</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=TbSlw38AAAAJ&amp;amp;cstart=20&amp;amp;pagesize=80&amp;amp;citation_for_view=TbSlw38AAAAJ:4DMP91E08xMC</text>
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Faculty Research Publications&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>Security and conflict: Appraising and interrogating security arrangements in the Nawuri-Gonja conflict in Northern Ghana</text>
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                <text>Cletus Kwaku Mbowura</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In 1991 and 1992, Kpandai and its environs in present-day Kpandai District in Northern Ghana were enmeshed in a violent inter-ethnic conflict between the Gonja and the Nawuri over allodial land rights. War broke out between the two ethnic groups in April 1991, June 1991 and May 1992. Prior to the conflict, many pre-emptive security measures were implemented to de-escalate the tension. The government also deplored a Police-Military Task Force to Kpandai and its environs to provide security disarm the combatants and maintain law and order. Similarly, measures were undertaken to de-escalate and bring an end to hostilities in the Salaga area when the conflict was extended to the vicinity in 1992 and 1994. The Police and Military peacekeepers showed professionalism as they remained neutral and used subtle measures such as firing warning shots to scare off combatants, disarming the warring factions, seizing arms, and dialoguing with the warring factions to bring an end to hostilities. Nevertheless, the peacekeepers found it difficult to contain, de-escalate and reduce the intensity of the conflict. This paper provides a perspective on security arrangements in the Nawuri-Gonja conflict. By assessing the security measures before, during and after the conflict, the paper argues that the measures were largely unsuccessful.</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;user=FihyGVkAAAAJ&amp;amp;citation_for_view=FihyGVkAAAAJ:YsMSGLbcyi4C</text>
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